BREAKING! Italian Study Validates Previous Claims That SARS-CoV-2 Infections Causes Immunodeficiency Conditions Worse Than HIV Infections!

COVID-19 Induced Immunodeficiency: When Thailand Medical News as early as April 2020 warned and highlighted studies that SARS-CoV-2 infections could cause immunodeficiency conditions similar to those seen in HIV infections, we were ridiculed by many Western media and so called Western ‘garbage’ experts and even labelled as fake news by various America social media platforms!



https://www.thailandmedical.news/news/covid-19-alert-new-study-shows-sars-cov-2-coronavirus-targets-and-destroys-t-cells,-similarly-as-what-hiv-does
 
https://www.thailandmedical.news/news/breaking-news-covid-19-study-reveals-that-sars-cov-2-uses-cd4-cells-to-infect-t-helper-lymphocytes--covid-19-a-potent-version-of-airborne-hiv
 
https://www.thailandmedical.news/news/breaking-u-s-nih-study-reveals-that-membrane-m-proteins-of-sars-cov-2-induce-altered-cd4-t-cells-that-dysregulate-interferon-signaling
 
https://www.thailandmedical.news/news/study-alarmingly-reveals-that-sars-cov-2-infection-causes-immunodeficiency-in-recovered-patients-by-downregulating-cd19-expression-in-b-cells
 
https://www.thailandmedical.news/news/why-is-no-one-warning-the-masses-that-the-sars-cov-2-spike-proteins-are-causing-major-immunodeficiency-issues-in-all-infected-individuals
 
https://www.thailandmedical.news/news/long-covid-could-also-be-due-to-sars-cov-2-dysregulating-the-human-host-immune-system-for-months-including-downregulating-naive-t-and-b-cells
 
https://www.thailandmedical.news/news/breaking-sars-cov-2-causes-thymic-dysregulation-and-thymic-atrophy-that-results-in-lymphopenia-and-peripheral-t-cell-receptor-repertoire-changes
 
In the last few months, just because some  ‘Western primates’ again claiming to be ‘experts’ in their fields on twitter started regurgitating about how the various T Cells including the  CD8 cells and also to a certain extent the CD4 cells are being affected by the SARS-CoV-2 infections, the Western world started to wake up to the fact that SARS-CoV-2 does not only cause a dysfunctional immune state during and after infection but also leaves many with what is not known as COVID-19 induced immunodeficiency. This immunodeficiency state is similar to HIV and make many susceptible to secondary opportunistic pathogenic infections, a higher risk of cancer and also triggering of various autoimmune conditions besides a host of various other medical and health conditions.
 
The fact that many health authorities and also medical experts are refusing to acknowledge this condition and also other Long COVID issues is because of the potential strain on government healthcare financial budgets would be enormous not to mention the added stress on the existing public healthcare infrastructures and also for various insurance and also healthcare policies.
 
A new study by researchers from Sapienza University Rome-Italy and Sant Andrea Hospital Rome-Italy has validated all previous claims that that SARS-CoV-2 infections causes immunodeficiency conditions far worse than HIV infections!
 
Both HIV and SARS-CoV-2 are responsible for two of the most dangerous and life-threatening infectious diseases of our times.
 
In order to better analyze the difference in the immunological response elicited by the two infections, the Italian study team compared the alterations in the lymphocyte subpopulations, measured by flow cytometry analysis (FCA) in both AIDS and COVID-19 patients, referred to their University Hospital.
 
In all a total of 184 HIV infected patients were retrospectively examined and the results of FCA collected and compared to those obtained in 110 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, examined during the actual outbreak.
 
The study findings alarmingly showed a comparable reduction in B cells in both diseases and a more severe reduction in the total amount of T cells in COVID-19 as compared to AIDS patients.
 
The detailed analysis of the T cells subpopulations indicates that there is a comparable reduction in the CD4+ cells count. Conversely, a remarkable difference between them is observed in the CD8+ counts.
 
Interestingly, in AIDS patients the CD8+ cells are slightly higher than normal, while in COVID-19 patients the CD8+ cell count is markedly reduced. As a result, the CD4+/CD8+ ratios, is very low in AIDS and higher than normal in COVID-19 patients.
 
Shockingly, the NK cells are reduced in both diseases, but SARS-CoV-2 infection causes a more severe reduction compared to HIV infection!
 
The study tea concluded that both HIV and SARS-CoV-2 viruses induce major changes in the lymphocytes count, with remarkable similarities and differences between them. The total absolute numbers of T cells and, in particular of the CD8+ subpopulation, are lower in COVID-19 patients compared to AIDS ones, while the CD4+ are reduced in both at similar levels.
 
The study findings indicate that the host immune system reacts differently to the two infection, but they are responsible of a comparable dropping effect on the serum levels of CD4+ T cell population. The meaning of the similarities and of the differences in terms of T cells activation and serum depletion are discussed. The knowledge on how the immune system reacts to these two infections will be useful to better define their mechanism of action and to design specific preventive and therapeutic approaches.
 
The study findings were published on a preprint server and are currently being peer reviewed! https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-43462/v1
 
Numerous past studies and data had already clearly showed dysregulation of immune response, especially in T lymphocytes in SARS-CoV–2 infections and that these might be highly involved in the pathological process of COVID–19.
 
One past study in which the COVID–19 patients have been stratified according their disease severity and data have been crossed with the composition of immune cells, an inverse correlation between disease severity and percentage of lymphocytes has been reported.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32296069/
 
Interestingly, the same inverse correlation was reported with CD8+ T cells too.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32203188/
 
The detailed analysis of the lymphocyte subsets by flow cytometry showed that the total number of B cells, T cells and NK cells are significantly decreased in patients with COVID–19 and such reduction is more evident in the severe cases compared to the non-severe ones. In patients with COVID–19 both helper T cells (CD4+) and suppressor T cells (CD8+) have been reported to be below normal levels, and the decline of helper T cells was more pronounced in severe cases.
 
The key difference that the study team had observed in their two groups of patients consists in the different number of T cells, analyzed by FCA.
 
The HIV patients showed a marked reduction in the CD4+ T cells and a consequent reduction in the CD4+/CD8+ ratio. Surprisingly, a comparable reduction in the CD4+ T cell population is observed also in COVID–19 patients, with no statistically significant difference between the two diseases.
 
In COVID–19 patients, the CD4+ reduction is associated with a marked reduction in the CD8+ T cell population. As a consequence, the CD4+/CD8+ ratio is increased compared to normal values and much higher when compared to HIV patients.
 
Importantly, the most significant difference between COVID–19 and AIDS is related to the absolute count of CD8+ T cells. The total number of the CD8+ T cell subpopulations, in fact, is strikingly different in the two groups of patients.
 
In the HIV patients the CD8+ T cells are slightly increased, with respect to the normal value. In this regard, a remarkable expansion of CD8+CD28-CD127loCD39+ Treg cells, that correlates with HIV viremia, has been previously reported. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29103633/
 
The cumulative number of these cells correlates also with the clinical course of the disease and, in particular, with signs of chronic immune cell activation and with immunodeficiency events.
 
However, shockingly in the COVID–19 patients, the level of CD8+ T cells is markedly reduced.
 
Also, it is not clear whether the reduction in the serum levels of T cells is due to an imbalance between production of T- cells and increased apoptosis of CD4+ T cells by viral attack the so-called of “accelerated destruction” hypothesis.
 
One possibility is that the CD4+ depletion could be due to an accelerated turnover of the CD4+ T cells, with increased production of activated CD4+ T cells characterized by a very short life span. These cells are lost rather quickly due to activation-induced cell death or apoptosis, the so- called “hyper immune activation hypothesis”.
 
Yet another hypothesis is that the gradual loss of peripheral CD4+ T cells, observed during HIV infection, could be due to a massive production of proinflammatory cytokines, the so-called “cytokine storm”, that has deleterious effects on CD4+ T cells, thus leading to their clonal deletion.
 
Furthermore, the occurrence of a highly inflammatory form of programmed cell death, called pyroptosis has been involved. In this type of apoptosis, the dying cell releases all its cytoplasmic contents, including inflammatory cytokines that, in turn, trigger pyroptosis in other T-cells as part of a vicious cycle of abortive T cell depletion. Finally, CD4 depletion has been associated with a relative expansion of Treg cells, irrespective of the presence or absence of circulating virus.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21811143/
 
The depletion of CD4+ T cells may also be due to an altered lymphocyte trafficking.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9465482/
 
To date, in the case of HIV, it has been suggested that the depletion of CD4 lymphocytes could be due to an increased CD4+ lymphocyte homing rates, but the mechanism is not fully elucidated yet. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12149417/
 
A key factor to help in resolving this question may be derived from the use of whole-body positron emission tomography (PET). The 18F-FDG PET/CT scanning has been demonstrated to be of benefit in determining the location and severity of disease activity in many inflammatory disorders. It has been used in AIDS patients in search of specific sites of immune activation.
 
Upon HIV infection, resting lymphocytes are activated and switch to glycolysis, increasing their glucose uptake by around 20-fold over 24 hours.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8450740/
 
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2004656/
 
Another past study reported their attempts to identify the specific immune-system activation in response to HIV infection.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14511930/
 
In that study, a total of 15 patients were analyzed in different stages of the disease. According to this study HIV–1 is able to induce activation of distinct lymphoid tissues according to the stages of the disease. When the analysis was performed in the acute stage, PET imaging showed that activated lymphoid tissues was localized in the head and neck, with some splenic involvement. Mid stages of the disease are associated with a more generalized pattern of peripheral lymph-node activation. Finally, during the late stages of the disease an involvement of abdominal lymph nodes was more evident. This study demonst